Tellurium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

52 antimony ← tellurium → iodine Se ↑ Te ↓ Po Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	tellurium, Te, 52
Element category	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	16, 5, p
Appearance	silvery lustrous gray
Standard atomic weight	127.60(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 6
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	6.24  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5.70  g·cm−3
Melting point	722.66 K (449.51 °C, 841.12 °F)
Boiling point	1261 K (988 °C, 1810 °F)
Heat of fusion	17.49  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	114.1  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.73  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K)     (775) (888) 1042 1266
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	±2, 4, 6 (mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.1 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  869.3  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1790  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2698  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	140  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	123  pm
Covalent radius	135  pm
Van der Waals radius	206 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	nonmagnetic
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) (1.97–3.38)  W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 2610 m/s
Young's modulus	43  GPa
Shear modulus	16  GPa
Bulk modulus	65  GPa
Mohs hardness	2.25
Brinell hardness	180  MPa
CAS registry number	13494-80-9
Most-stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of tellurium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 120Te 0.09% >2.2×1016y ε ε 1.701 120Sn 121Te syn 16.78 d ε 1.040 121Sb 122Te 2.55% 122Te is stable with 70 neutrons 123Te 0.89% >1.0×1013 y ε 0.051 123Sb 124Te 4.74% 124Te is stable with 72 neutrons 125Te 7.07% 125Te is stable with 73 neutrons 126Te 18.84% 126Te is stable with 74 neutrons 127Te syn 9.35 h β− 0.698 127I 128Te 31.74% 2.2×1024 y β−β− 0.867 128Xe 129Te syn 69.6 min β− 1.498 129I 130Te 34.08% 7.9×1020 y β−β− 2.528 130Xe
References

Tellurium (pronounced /tɪˈlʊəriəm/, /tɛl-/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Te and atomic number 52. A brittle silver-white metalloid which looks like tin, tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. Tellurium is primarily used in alloys and as a semiconductor.

[edit] Characteristics

Tellurium is extremely rare, one of the nine rarest metallic elements on Earth. It is in the same chemical family as oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and polonium (the chalcogens).

When crystalline, tellurium is silvery-white and when it is in pure state it has a metallic luster. This is a brittle and easily pulverized metalloid. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating it from a solution of tellurous or telluric acid (Te(OH)₆). However, there is some debate whether this form is really amorphous or made of minute crystals.

[edit] Applications

Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor that shows a greater conductivity in certain directions which depends on atomic alignment. Chemically related to selenium and sulfur, the conductivity of this element increases slightly when exposed to light (photoconductivity).

It can be doped with copper, gold, silver, tin, or other metals. When in its molten state, tellurium is corrosive to copper, iron, and stainless steel.

Tellurium gives a greenish-blue flame when burned in normal air and forms tellurium dioxide as a result.

Metal alloys: ^[1]

• It is mostly used in alloys with other metals. It is added to lead to improve its strength and durability, and to decrease the corrosive action of sulfuric acid.
• When added to stainless steel and copper it makes these metals more workable. It is alloyed into cast iron for chill control.

Other uses:

• Used in ceramics.
• It is used in chalcogenide glasses.
• Tellurium is used in blasting caps.
• Organic tellurides have been employed as initiators for living radical polymerisation and electron-rich mono- and di-tellurides possess antioxidant activity.
• Tellurite agar is used to identify member of the corynebacterium genus, most typically Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogen responsible for diptheria.

High purity metalorganics of both selenium and tellurium are used in the semiconductor industry, and are prepared by adduct purification.^[2][3]

Semiconductor and electronic industry uses:

• Tellurium as a tellurium suboxide is used in the media layer of several types of rewritable optical discs, including ReWritable Compact Discs (CD-RW), ReWritable Digital Video Discs (DVD-RW) and ReWritable Blu-ray Discs. ^{[4] [5]}

• Tellurium is used in the new phase change memory chips developed by Intel. Also see here.

• Bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) is used in thermoelectric devices.

• Tellurium is used in cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar panels. NREL lab tests using this material achieved some of the highest efficiencies for solar cell electric power generation. First Solar Inc. started massive commercial production of CdTe solar panels in recent years, significantly increased tellurium demand. If some of the cadmium in CdTe is replaced by zinc then CdZnTe is formed which is used in solid-state x-ray detectors.

• Alloyed with both cadmium and mercury, to form mercury cadmium telluride, an infrared sensitive semiconductor material is formed. Organotellurium compounds such as dimethyl telluride, diethyl telluride, diisopropyl telluride, diallyl telluride and methyl allyl telluride are used as precursors for MOVPE growth of II-VI compound semiconductors. Diisopropyl telluride (DIPTe) is employed as the preferred precursor for achieving the low temperature growth of CdHgTe by MOVPE.

[edit] History

Tellurium (Latin tellus meaning "earth") was discovered in 1782 by the Hungarian Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (Müller Ferenc) in Nagyszeben (now, Sibiu) Transylvania. In 1789, another Hungarian scientist, Pál Kitaibel, also discovered the element independently, but later he gave the credit to Müller. In 1798, it was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth who earlier isolated it.^[6]

Tellurium was used as a chemical bonder in the making of the outer shell of the first atom bomb. The 1960s brought growth in thermoelectric applications for tellurium, as well as its use in free-machining steel, which became the dominant use.

[edit] Occurrence

Tellurium on quartz (Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico)

With an abundance in the Earth's crust even lower than platinum, tellurium is, apart from the precious metals, the rarest stable solid element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in the Earth's crust is 1 to 5 ppb, compared with 5 to 37 ppb for platinum. By comparison, even the rarest of the lanthanides have crustal abundances of 500 ppb.

The extreme rarity of tellurium in the Earth's crust is not a reflection of its cosmic abundance, which is in fact greater than that of rubidium[1], even though rubidium is ten thousand times more abundant in the Earth's crust. Rather, the extraordinarily low abundance of tellurium on Earth results from the fact that, during the formation of the Earth, the stable form of elements in the absence of oxygen and water was controlled by the oxidation and reduction of hydrogen. Under this scenario elements such as tellurium which form volatile hydrides were severely depleted during the formation of the Earth's crust through evaporation. Tellurium and selenium are the heavy elements mostly depleted in the Earth's crust by this process.^{[citation needed]}

Tellurium is sometimes found in its native (elemental) form, but is more often found as the tellurides of gold (calaverite, krennerite, petzite, sylvanite, and others). Tellurium compounds are the only chemical compounds of gold found in nature, but tellurium itself (unlike gold) is also found combined with other elements (in metallic salts). The principal source of tellurium is from anode sludges produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. It is a component of dusts from blast furnace refining of lead. Treatment of 500 tons of copper ore typically yields one pound of tellurium. Tellurium is produced mainly in the United States, Canada, Peru, and Japan. See here.

Commercial-grade tellurium is usually marketed as minus 200-mesh powder but is also available as slabs, ingots, sticks, or lumps. The year-end price for tellurium in 2000 was US$14 per pound. In recent years, tellurium price was driven up by increased demand and limited supply, reaching as high as US$100 per pound in 2006. See also here.

See also: Telluride, Colorado, category:Telluride minerals

[edit] Compounds

Tellurium is in the same series as sulfur and selenium and forms similar compounds. A compound with metal or hydrogen and similar ions is called a telluride. Gold and silver tellurides are considered good ores. Compounds with tellurate ions complexes TeO₄^2- or TeO₆^6- are known as tellurates. Also tellurites TeO₃^2-. Also tellurols –TeH, named with prefix tellanyl- or suffix -tellurol.

See also: Category:Tellurium compounds

Enlarged view of tellurium crystal

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of tellurium

There are 30 known isotopes of tellurium with atomic masses that range from 108 to 137. Naturally found tellurium consists of eight isotopes (listed in the table to the right); three of them are observed to be radioactive. ¹²⁸Te has the longest known half-life, 2.2×10²⁴ years^[7], among all radioactive isotopes.^[8]

[edit] Precautions

Tellurium and tellurium compounds should be considered to be mildly toxic and need to be handled with care.

Acute poisoning is rare.^[9] Tellurium is not reported to be carcinogenic.^[9]

Humans exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m³ or less in air develop "tellurium breath", which has a garlic-like odor.^[10] The garlic odor that is associated with human intake of tellurium compounds is caused from the tellurium being metabolized by the body. When the body metabolizes tellurium in any oxidation state, the tellurium gets converted into dimethyl telluride. Dimethyl telluride is volatile and produces the garlic-like smell. Even though the metabolic pathways of tellurium are not known, it is generally assumed that they resemble those of the more extensively studied selenium, because the final methylated metabolic products of the two elements are similar.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tellurium

Look up tellurium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• WebElements.com – Tellurium
• USGS Mineral Information on Selenium and Tellurium
• Selenium Tellurium Development Association
• Comprehensive Data on Tellurium